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[Indonesia eyes FTA negotiations to shore up post-pandemic economy] => 印尼自由貿易協定 支撐後疫情時代的經濟發展
[As Indonesia recovers from the Covid-19 pandemic that has disrupted global trade, can free trade agreements offer its beleaguered exporters a welcome boost?] => 印尼從中斷全球貿易的新冠疫情復甦之際，自由貿易協定能否為陷入困境的出口商帶來提振？印尼希望透過與歐盟、日本、澳洲等國家的自由貿易協定（FTA），在疫情下開啟新貿易的機會、關稅減免以降低成本，並加強供應鏈的多元化。
[As Indonesia recovers from the Covid-19 pandemic that has disrupted global trade, can free trade agreements offer its exporters a welcome boost?] => 印尼從中斷全球貿易的新冠疫情復甦之際，自由貿易協定能否為陷入困境的出口商帶來提振？印尼希望透過與歐盟、日本、澳洲等國家的自由貿易協定（FTA），在疫情下開啟新貿易的機會、關稅減免以降低成本，並加強供應鏈的多元化。
[Other commentators have pointed out that reducing non-trade barriers, including a relatively complex regulatory environment, would also make it easier for exporters in other countries to establish business relationships in Indonesia.
Despite these challenges, it seems clear that the trade benefits Indonesia can obtain from FTAs will continue to grow as more of these agreements are implemented in the future.
“For development purposes, Indonesia needs to push for the decisive conclusion of free trade negotiations it is involved in, while being clear about their geopolitical outlook,” Rocky Intan, a researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, told The Diplomat recently.
Doing so will enable Jakarta to maintain a strong voice and an advantageous position in multilateral trade governance.
Another version of this article was first published on The Jakarta Post.] => 其他評論家也指出，減少非貿易障礙，像是相對複雜的法規環境，也能讓其他國家的出口商，更容易在印尼建立商業關係。
儘管存在這些挑戰，但隨著更多協定在未來付諸實施，我們可以清楚看見印尼透過FTA取得的貿易優勢會持續增加。
「從發展目的來看，印尼需要推力，在參與的自由貿易談判達成決定性的結論；並且對地緣政治有明確的展望」，雅加達策略與國際研究中心（Center for Strategic and International Studies）研究學者Rocky Intan最近接受《外交家》雜誌訪問說。
以上行動將使雅加達在多層貿易監督下，維持宏亮的聲音及有利位置。
本文的另一個版本首次發表在雅加達郵報上。
["I can't imagine if we had imposed a full lockdown, maybe [economic growth] could have reached minus 17 [percent]," said Indonesian President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo during a meeting with governors in July.
Despite the dire economic outlook, the Indonesian leader counts the country “very lucky” for not experiencing a double-digit contraction. But the economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic has hit Southeast Asia’s largest economy hard, and it urgently needs new growth engines.
Exports fell 28.95 percent year-on-year to US$10.53 billion (€8.9 billion) in May 2020, the lowest levels since July 2016. The drop is largely due to reduced shipments of coal, coffee, and palm oil, as well as oil and gas. In June 2020, Bank Indonesia lowered its growth forecast for the year to 0.9–1.9 percent, lower than the previous 2.3 percent projection.
Against the economic challenges posed by the pandemic, could free trade agreements (FTAs) offer Indonesia’s exporters a way to bounce back? After all, utilizing FTAs offers local companies a compelling list of benefits, including access to new markets, tariff concessions, and the ability to clear goods more quickly and easily. With their focus on opportunities in overseas markets, FTAs can also promote supply chain diversification.
Below, Logistics of Things examines some of the most significant FTAs that Indonesia is currently pursuing and consider how these might help spur economic recovery in a post-Covid-19 world.
Opening up new trade opportunities
Since 2012, Indonesia has been involved in the talks concerning mega trade deal, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), along with the nine other ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) governments and their six FTA partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea.
Once this ambitious pact comes into effect, it will create the world’s largest free-trade zone and have a significant impact on the post-pandemic economic recovery of the entire bloc.
The RCEP would minimize structural barriers by streamlining rules and procedures related to customs and trade-related infrastructure. In practical terms, Indonesian businesses would follow one set of procedures instead of navigating through different sets of rules when trading with their RCEP partners.
This would inevitably lead to greater ease of doing business and increase Indonesia’s attractiveness as a trade and investment destination.
“Amid the slowing global economy, Indonesia’s exporters need to leverage the favorable conditions presented by the existing or up-and-coming FTAs like the RCEP. These agreements open up new opportunities to explore new markets, to lower costs through eligible tariff concessions, and to strengthen their supply chains by diversification,” said Vincent Yong, President Director of DHL Global Forwarding Indonesia.
Jakarta is also working to conclude a major trade pact with the European Union (EU). The Indonesia-EU Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement is significant because the EU is the third-largest destination for Indonesian exports, with key exports including agricultural products, machinery and appliances, textiles and footwear, and plastic and rubber products.
The EU mostly exports industrial products, including machinery and appliances, transport equipment, and chemical products to Indonesia. The trade negotiation has faced a challenge over palm oil following a decision by the EU to phase out the use of biofuel and biodiesel manufactured from palm by 2030.
The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, has categorized palm oil as an unsustainable product. The plan has unsettled Indonesia, the world’s largest palm oil-producing country.
Talks are continuing, however, with the latest round — described by the EU as ‘open and constructive’ — taking place by videoconference in June 2020.
Other new FTA negotiations are underway with India and Korea, among many others. At the same time, the government is seeking to renegotiate a major deal with Japan to further boost bilateral trade.
Through the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement renegotiations, Indonesia hopes to expand access to the Japanese market for some fresh and chilled fishery products, including salmon and trout, among others. Currently, these are excluded from tariff reduction commitments, alongside some canned tuna products. Japan is Indonesia’s second-largest export destination and third-largest import source.
Boosting supply chain diversification
The pandemic has exposed the vulnerabilities of global supply chains that rely extensively on one or two large powers for the supply of certain products.
At the peak of the Covid-19 outbreak in February, garment supply chains in multiple ASEAN countries were severely disrupted when raw materials remained stuck in China, which was then placed under a months-long lockdown.
Many exporters learned from that lesson and have been accelerating efforts to diversify their supply chains as part of a “de-risking” strategy. FTAs have the potential to greatly aid companies’ efforts in this regard as they seek to put diversification plans into action.
That is already likely to be the case with the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), a major trade agreement between Indonesia and Australia that came into effect in July 2020. In the works since 2005, it eliminates tariffs from 94 percent of the product lines traded between the two countries.
For Indonesian businesses that source their raw materials or intermediate goods from Australia, the trade deal is also expected to lower costs. According to analysts, Jakarta is expecting to receive an immediate boost in the export of a wide range of products to Australia, including textiles, automotive products, electronics, fishery products, and communication tools.
Companies looking to diversify and shift manufacturing operations away from China also have a viable, low-cost alternative in Indonesia, where DHL Global Forwarding offers a wide range of flexible multimodal transportation options as part of its global logistics network.
In 2019, the company launched DHL ASIACONNECT+, a new small-freight multimodal logistics service which, according to Yong, connects the Indonesian archipelago to key ASEAN trading markets via its road freight network.
A brighter future
Working to speed up FTA ratification makes sound economic sense as Indonesia seeks to shore up economic recovery efforts, even as it addresses the pandemic at home.
However, FTAs are notoriously slow-moving affairs. The IA-CEPA, for example, was signed into law 15 years after negotiations first began. Some analysts have also raised questions about whether Indonesian businesses — particularly small- and medium-sized ones — are fully utilizing FTAs to boost their exports.
As economist Bhima Yudhistira of the Jakarta-based Institute for Development of Economics and Finance has suggested, the lack of information about what is on offer could be a cause. “Has the information been disseminated well? Do small and medium businesses get a chance to export [their products]?” he told the Jakarta Post.] => 無法想像我們實施全面封城後，經濟成長率衰退了17%。」，印尼總統Joko “Jokowi” Widodo在7月州長會議時表示。
儘管前景黯淡，印尼領導人認為國家非常幸運，經濟衰退程度尚未加倍惡化，但新冠疫情的確已重創東南亞最大經濟體，急需新的成長引擎。
2020年5月出口較上年同期衰退28.95%，達到105.3億美元（89億歐元），是2016年7月以來的最低水準。經濟衰退的主要原因是因為煤礦、咖啡、棕櫚油及石油與天然氣的貨運減少。2020年6月，印尼央行（Bank Indonesia）調降該年成長預估至0.9-1.9%，低於先前預估的2.3%。
在疫情帶來的經濟挑戰下，自由貿易協定（FTA）可否提供印尼出口商恢復元氣的辦法？畢竟FTA為地方企業提供許多好處，包括：跨足新市場、關稅優惠及更快與更簡單的通關能力。聚焦海外市場機會的同時，FTA也能促進供應鏈的多元化。
以下檢視幾項印尼最重要的FTA，評估這些FTA如何在後疫情世界協助經濟復甦。
印尼努力加速FTA的正式簽署，創造穩健經濟願景，即使在家對抗疫情，也能支撐經濟復甦工作。
在印尼追求經濟復甦而努力的同時，努力加快FTA的批准速度，即使是在國內解決新冠疫情的問題，也是合乎經濟效益。
不過，眾所周知FTA推動進度向來十分緩慢。以IA-CEPA為例，在初次展開談判後15年才正式簽署立法。部分分析師也質疑，印尼企業—尤其是中小型企業—是否能充分利用FTA刺激出口。
位在雅加達的經濟與金融發展研究所（Institute for Development of Economics and Finance）經濟學家Bhima Yudhistira指出，缺乏有關提議內容的資訊，可能是進度緩慢的原因之一。「資訊是否適當傳達？中小型企業是否獲得出口產品的機會？」他接受《雅加達郵報》訪問時說。
[wysiwyg] => wysiwyg
[outbound_box] => outbound_box
[“I can’t imagine if we had imposed a full lockdown, maybe [economic growth] could have reached minus 17 [percent],” said Indonesian President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo during a meeting with governors in July.
Despite the dire economic outlook, the Indonesian leader counts the country “very lucky” for not experiencing a double-digit contraction. But the economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic has hit Southeast Asia’s largest economy hard, and it urgently needs new growth engines.
Exports fell 28.95 percent year-on-year to US$10.53 billion (€8.9 billion) in May 2020, the lowest levels since July 2016. The drop is largely due to reduced shipments of coal, coffee, and palm oil, as well as oil and gas. In June 2020, Bank Indonesia lowered its growth forecast for the year to 0.9–1.9 percent, lower than the previous 2.3 percent projection.
Against the economic challenges posed by the pandemic, could free trade agreements (FTAs) offer Indonesia’s exporters a way to bounce back? After all, utilizing FTAs offers local companies a compelling list of benefits, including access to new markets, tariff concessions, and the ability to clear goods more quickly and easily. With their focus on opportunities in overseas markets, FTAs can also promote supply chain diversification.
Below, Logistics of Things examines some of the most significant FTAs that Indonesia is currently pursuing and consider how these might help spur economic recovery in a post-Covid-19 world.
Opening up new trade opportunities
Since 2012, Indonesia has been involved in the talks concerning mega trade deal, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), along with the nine other ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) governments and their six FTA partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea.
Once this ambitious pact comes into effect, it will create the world’s largest free-trade zone and have a significant impact on the post-pandemic economic recovery of the entire bloc.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo (third from right) with other world leaders at the 14th East Asia Summit in Bangkok, Thailand
The RCEP would minimize structural barriers by streamlining rules and procedures related to customs and trade-related infrastructure. In practical terms, Indonesian businesses would follow one set of procedures instead of navigating through different sets of rules when trading with their RCEP partners.
This would inevitably lead to greater ease of doing business and increase Indonesia’s attractiveness as a trade and investment destination.
“Amid the slowing global economy, Indonesia’s exporters need to leverage the favorable conditions presented by the existing or up-and-coming FTAs like the RCEP. These agreements open up new opportunities to explore new markets, to lower costs through eligible tariff concessions, and to strengthen their supply chains by diversification,” said Vincent Yong, President Director of DHL Global Forwarding Indonesia.
Jakarta is also working to conclude a major trade pact with the European Union (EU). The Indonesia-EU Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement is significant because the EU is the third-largest destination for Indonesian exports, with key exports including agricultural products, machinery and appliances, textiles and footwear, and plastic and rubber products.
Joko Widodo (in yellow vest) at a site visit in Indonesia
The EU mostly exports industrial products, including machinery and appliances, transport equipment, and chemical products to Indonesia. The trade negotiation has faced a challenge over palm oil following a decision by the EU to phase out the use of biofuel and biodiesel manufactured from palm by 2030.
The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, has categorized palm oil as an unsustainable product. The plan has unsettled Indonesia, the world’s largest palm oil-producing country.
Talks are continuing, however, with the latest round — described by the EU as ‘open and constructive’ — taking place by videoconference in June 2020.
Other new FTA negotiations are underway with India and Korea, among many others. At the same time, the government is seeking to renegotiate a major deal with Japan to further boost bilateral trade.
Through the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement renegotiations, Indonesia hopes to expand access to the Japanese market for some fresh and chilled fishery products, including salmon and trout, among others. Currently, these are excluded from tariff reduction commitments, alongside some canned tuna products. Japan is Indonesia’s second-largest export destination and third-largest import source.
Boosting supply chain diversification
The pandemic has exposed the vulnerabilities of global supply chains that rely extensively on one or two large powers for the supply of certain products.
At the peak of the Covid-19 outbreak in February, garment supply chains in multiple ASEAN countries were severely disrupted when raw materials remained stuck in China, which was then placed under a months-long lockdown.
Many exporters learned from that lesson and have been accelerating efforts to diversify their supply chains as part of a “de-risking” strategy. FTAs have the potential to greatly aid companies’ efforts in this regard as they seek to put diversification plans into action.
Indonesia has struggled to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic due to its limited testing capability.
That is already likely to be the case with the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), a major trade agreement between Indonesia and Australia that came into effect in July 2020. In the works since 2005, it eliminates tariffs from 94 percent of the product lines traded between the two countries.
For Indonesian businesses that source their raw materials or intermediate goods from Australia, the trade deal is also expected to lower costs. According to analysts, Jakarta is expecting to receive an immediate boost in the export of a wide range of products to Australia, including textiles, automotive products, electronics, fishery products, and communication tools.
Companies looking to diversify and shift manufacturing operations away from China also have a viable, low-cost alternative in Indonesia, where DHL Global Forwarding offers a wide range of flexible multimodal transportation options as part of its global logistics network.
In 2019, the company launched DHL ASIACONNECT+, a new small-freight multimodal logistics service which, according to Yong, connects the Indonesian archipelago to key ASEAN trading markets via its road freight network.
A brighter future
Working to speed up FTA ratification makes sound economic sense as Indonesia seeks to shore up economic recovery efforts, even as it addresses the pandemic at home.
However, FTAs are notoriously slow-moving affairs. The IA-CEPA, for example, was signed into law 15 years after negotiations first began. Some analysts have also raised questions about whether Indonesian businesses — particularly small- and medium-sized ones — are fully utilizing FTAs to boost their exports.
As economist Bhima Yudhistira of the Jakarta-based Institute for Development of Economics and Finance has suggested, the lack of information about what is on offer could be a cause. “Has the information been disseminated well? Do small and medium businesses get a chance to export [their products]?” he told the Jakarta Post.
RELATED ARTICLESFrom Indonesia to the region: A new multimodal service to help local firms growA new service rolled out by DHL connects Indonesia to its road freight network and links it with the rest of the region.Other commentators have pointed out that reducing non-trade barriers, including a relatively complex regulatory environment, would also make it easier for exporters in other countries to establish business relationships in Indonesia.
Despite these challenges, it seems clear that the trade benefits Indonesia can obtain from FTAs will continue to grow as more of these agreements are implemented in the future.
“For development purposes, Indonesia needs to push for the decisive conclusion of free trade negotiations it is involved in, while being clear about their geopolitical outlook,” Rocky Intan, a researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, told The Diplomat recently.
Doing so will enable Jakarta to maintain a strong voice and an advantageous position in multilateral trade governance.
Another version of this article was first published on The Jakarta Post.] =>
位在雅加達的經濟與金融發展研究所（Institute for Development of Economics and Finance）經濟學家Bhima Yudhistira指出，缺乏有關提議內容的資訊，可能是進度緩慢的原因之一。「資訊是否適當傳達？中小型企業是否獲得出口產品的機會？」他接受《雅加達郵報》訪問時說。
「從發展目的來看，印尼需要推力，在參與的自由貿易談判達成決定性的結論；並且對地緣政治有明確的展望」，雅加達策略與國際研究中心（Center for Strategic and International Studies）研究學者Rocky Intan最近接受《外交家》雜誌訪問說。
以上行動將使雅加達在多層貿易監督下，維持宏亮的聲音及有利位置。
本文的另一個版本首次發表在雅加達郵報上。
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[Indonesia has struggled to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic due to its limited testing capability.] => Indonesia has struggled to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic due to its limited testing capability.
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[Joko Widodo at a site visit in Indonesia] => Joko Widodo at a site visit in Indonesia
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[Indonesian President Joko Widodo (third from right) with other world leaders at the 14th East Asia Summit in Bangkok, Thailand] => Indonesian President Joko Widodo (third from right) with other world leaders at the 14th East Asia Summit in Bangkok, Thailand
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[$value] => "I can't imagine if we had imposed a full lockdown, maybe [economic growth] could have reached minus 17 [percent]," said Indonesian President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo during a meeting with governors in July.
Despite the dire economic outlook, the Indonesian leader counts the country “very lucky” for not experiencing a double-digit contraction. But the economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic has hit Southeast Asia’s largest economy hard, and it urgently needs new growth engines.
Exports fell 28.95 percent year-on-year to US$10.53 billion (€8.9 billion) in May 2020, the lowest levels since July 2016. The drop is largely due to reduced shipments of coal, coffee, and palm oil, as well as oil and gas. In June 2020, Bank Indonesia lowered its growth forecast for the year to 0.9–1.9 percent, lower than the previous 2.3 percent projection.
Against the economic challenges posed by the pandemic, could free trade agreements (FTAs) offer Indonesia’s exporters a way to bounce back? After all, utilizing FTAs offers local companies a compelling list of benefits, including access to new markets, tariff concessions, and the ability to clear goods more quickly and easily. With their focus on opportunities in overseas markets, FTAs can also promote supply chain diversification.
Below, Logistics of Things examines some of the most significant FTAs that Indonesia is currently pursuing and consider how these might help spur economic recovery in a post-Covid-19 world.
Opening up new trade opportunities
Since 2012, Indonesia has been involved in the talks concerning mega trade deal, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), along with the nine other ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) governments and their six FTA partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea.
Once this ambitious pact comes into effect, it will create the world’s largest free-trade zone and have a significant impact on the post-pandemic economic recovery of the entire bloc.
[caption id="attachment_7989" align="alignnone" width="1024"] Indonesian President Joko Widodo (third from right) with other world leaders at the 14th East Asia Summit in Bangkok, Thailand[/caption]
The RCEP would minimize structural barriers by streamlining rules and procedures related to customs and trade-related infrastructure. In practical terms, Indonesian businesses would follow one set of procedures instead of navigating through different sets of rules when trading with their RCEP partners.
This would inevitably lead to greater ease of doing business and increase Indonesia’s attractiveness as a trade and investment destination.
“Amid the slowing global economy, Indonesia’s exporters need to leverage the favorable conditions presented by the existing or up-and-coming FTAs like the RCEP. These agreements open up new opportunities to explore new markets, to lower costs through eligible tariff concessions, and to strengthen their supply chains by diversification,” said Vincent Yong, President Director of DHL Global Forwarding Indonesia.
Jakarta is also working to conclude a major trade pact with the European Union (EU). The Indonesia-EU Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement is significant because the EU is the third-largest destination for Indonesian exports, with key exports including agricultural products, machinery and appliances, textiles and footwear, and plastic and rubber products.
[caption id="attachment_7990" align="alignnone" width="1024"] Joko Widodo (in yellow vest) at a site visit in Indonesia[/caption]
The EU mostly exports industrial products, including machinery and appliances, transport equipment, and chemical products to Indonesia. The trade negotiation has faced a challenge over palm oil following a decision by the EU to phase out the use of biofuel and biodiesel manufactured from palm by 2030.
The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, has categorized palm oil as an unsustainable product. The plan has unsettled Indonesia, the world’s largest palm oil-producing country.
Talks are continuing, however, with the latest round — described by the EU as ‘open and constructive’ — taking place by videoconference in June 2020.
Other new FTA negotiations are underway with India and Korea, among many others. At the same time, the government is seeking to renegotiate a major deal with Japan to further boost bilateral trade.
Through the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement renegotiations, Indonesia hopes to expand access to the Japanese market for some fresh and chilled fishery products, including salmon and trout, among others. Currently, these are excluded from tariff reduction commitments, alongside some canned tuna products. Japan is Indonesia’s second-largest export destination and third-largest import source.
Boosting supply chain diversification
The pandemic has exposed the vulnerabilities of global supply chains that rely extensively on one or two large powers for the supply of certain products.
At the peak of the Covid-19 outbreak in February, garment supply chains in multiple ASEAN countries were severely disrupted when raw materials remained stuck in China, which was then placed under a months-long lockdown.
Many exporters learned from that lesson and have been accelerating efforts to diversify their supply chains as part of a “de-risking” strategy. FTAs have the potential to greatly aid companies’ efforts in this regard as they seek to put diversification plans into action.
[caption id="attachment_7991" align="alignnone" width="1024"] Indonesia has struggled to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic due to its limited testing capability.[/caption]
That is already likely to be the case with the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), a major trade agreement between Indonesia and Australia that came into effect in July 2020. In the works since 2005, it eliminates tariffs from 94 percent of the product lines traded between the two countries.
For Indonesian businesses that source their raw materials or intermediate goods from Australia, the trade deal is also expected to lower costs. According to analysts, Jakarta is expecting to receive an immediate boost in the export of a wide range of products to Australia, including textiles, automotive products, electronics, fishery products, and communication tools.
Companies looking to diversify and shift manufacturing operations away from China also have a viable, low-cost alternative in Indonesia, where DHL Global Forwarding offers a wide range of flexible multimodal transportation options as part of its global logistics network.
In 2019, the company launched DHL ASIACONNECT+, a new small-freight multimodal logistics service which, according to Yong, connects the Indonesian archipelago to key ASEAN trading markets via its road freight network.
A brighter future
Working to speed up FTA ratification makes sound economic sense as Indonesia seeks to shore up economic recovery efforts, even as it addresses the pandemic at home.
However, FTAs are notoriously slow-moving affairs. The IA-CEPA, for example, was signed into law 15 years after negotiations first began. Some analysts have also raised questions about whether Indonesian businesses — particularly small- and medium-sized ones — are fully utilizing FTAs to boost their exports.
As economist Bhima Yudhistira of the Jakarta-based Institute for Development of Economics and Finance has suggested, the lack of information about what is on offer could be a cause. “Has the information been disseminated well? Do small and medium businesses get a chance to export [their products]?” he told the Jakarta Post.
)
位在雅加達的經濟與金融發展研究所（Institute for Development of Economics and Finance）經濟學家Bhima Yudhistira指出，缺乏有關提議內容的資訊，可能是進度緩慢的原因之一。「資訊是否適當傳達？中小型企業是否獲得出口產品的機會？」他接受《雅加達郵報》訪問時說。
Array
(
[derick] => Array
(
[[]] =>
[Indonesia eyes FTA negotiations to shore up post-pandemic economy] => 印尼自由貿易協定 支撐後疫情時代的經濟發展
[As Indonesia recovers from the Covid-19 pandemic that has disrupted global trade, can free trade agreements offer its beleaguered exporters a welcome boost?] => 印尼從中斷全球貿易的新冠疫情復甦之際，自由貿易協定能否為陷入困境的出口商帶來提振？印尼希望透過與歐盟、日本、澳洲等國家的自由貿易協定（FTA），在疫情下開啟新貿易的機會、關稅減免以降低成本，並加強供應鏈的多元化。
[As Indonesia recovers from the Covid-19 pandemic that has disrupted global trade, can free trade agreements offer its exporters a welcome boost?] => 印尼從中斷全球貿易的新冠疫情復甦之際，自由貿易協定能否為陷入困境的出口商帶來提振？印尼希望透過與歐盟、日本、澳洲等國家的自由貿易協定（FTA），在疫情下開啟新貿易的機會、關稅減免以降低成本，並加強供應鏈的多元化。
[Other commentators have pointed out that reducing non-trade barriers, including a relatively complex regulatory environment, would also make it easier for exporters in other countries to establish business relationships in Indonesia.
Despite these challenges, it seems clear that the trade benefits Indonesia can obtain from FTAs will continue to grow as more of these agreements are implemented in the future.
“For development purposes, Indonesia needs to push for the decisive conclusion of free trade negotiations it is involved in, while being clear about their geopolitical outlook,” Rocky Intan, a researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, told The Diplomat recently.
Doing so will enable Jakarta to maintain a strong voice and an advantageous position in multilateral trade governance.
Another version of this article was first published on The Jakarta Post.] => 其他評論家也指出，減少非貿易障礙，像是相對複雜的法規環境，也能讓其他國家的出口商，更容易在印尼建立商業關係。
儘管存在這些挑戰，但隨著更多協定在未來付諸實施，我們可以清楚看見印尼透過FTA取得的貿易優勢會持續增加。
「從發展目的來看，印尼需要推力，在參與的自由貿易談判達成決定性的結論；並且對地緣政治有明確的展望」，雅加達策略與國際研究中心（Center for Strategic and International Studies）研究學者Rocky Intan最近接受《外交家》雜誌訪問說。
以上行動將使雅加達在多層貿易監督下，維持宏亮的聲音及有利位置。
本文的另一個版本首次發表在雅加達郵報上。
["I can't imagine if we had imposed a full lockdown, maybe [economic growth] could have reached minus 17 [percent]," said Indonesian President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo during a meeting with governors in July.
Despite the dire economic outlook, the Indonesian leader counts the country “very lucky” for not experiencing a double-digit contraction. But the economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic has hit Southeast Asia’s largest economy hard, and it urgently needs new growth engines.
Exports fell 28.95 percent year-on-year to US$10.53 billion (€8.9 billion) in May 2020, the lowest levels since July 2016. The drop is largely due to reduced shipments of coal, coffee, and palm oil, as well as oil and gas. In June 2020, Bank Indonesia lowered its growth forecast for the year to 0.9–1.9 percent, lower than the previous 2.3 percent projection.
Against the economic challenges posed by the pandemic, could free trade agreements (FTAs) offer Indonesia’s exporters a way to bounce back? After all, utilizing FTAs offers local companies a compelling list of benefits, including access to new markets, tariff concessions, and the ability to clear goods more quickly and easily. With their focus on opportunities in overseas markets, FTAs can also promote supply chain diversification.
Below, Logistics of Things examines some of the most significant FTAs that Indonesia is currently pursuing and consider how these might help spur economic recovery in a post-Covid-19 world.
Opening up new trade opportunities
Since 2012, Indonesia has been involved in the talks concerning mega trade deal, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), along with the nine other ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) governments and their six FTA partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea.
Once this ambitious pact comes into effect, it will create the world’s largest free-trade zone and have a significant impact on the post-pandemic economic recovery of the entire bloc.
The RCEP would minimize structural barriers by streamlining rules and procedures related to customs and trade-related infrastructure. In practical terms, Indonesian businesses would follow one set of procedures instead of navigating through different sets of rules when trading with their RCEP partners.
This would inevitably lead to greater ease of doing business and increase Indonesia’s attractiveness as a trade and investment destination.
“Amid the slowing global economy, Indonesia’s exporters need to leverage the favorable conditions presented by the existing or up-and-coming FTAs like the RCEP. These agreements open up new opportunities to explore new markets, to lower costs through eligible tariff concessions, and to strengthen their supply chains by diversification,” said Vincent Yong, President Director of DHL Global Forwarding Indonesia.
Jakarta is also working to conclude a major trade pact with the European Union (EU). The Indonesia-EU Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement is significant because the EU is the third-largest destination for Indonesian exports, with key exports including agricultural products, machinery and appliances, textiles and footwear, and plastic and rubber products.
The EU mostly exports industrial products, including machinery and appliances, transport equipment, and chemical products to Indonesia. The trade negotiation has faced a challenge over palm oil following a decision by the EU to phase out the use of biofuel and biodiesel manufactured from palm by 2030.
The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, has categorized palm oil as an unsustainable product. The plan has unsettled Indonesia, the world’s largest palm oil-producing country.
Talks are continuing, however, with the latest round — described by the EU as ‘open and constructive’ — taking place by videoconference in June 2020.
Other new FTA negotiations are underway with India and Korea, among many others. At the same time, the government is seeking to renegotiate a major deal with Japan to further boost bilateral trade.
Through the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement renegotiations, Indonesia hopes to expand access to the Japanese market for some fresh and chilled fishery products, including salmon and trout, among others. Currently, these are excluded from tariff reduction commitments, alongside some canned tuna products. Japan is Indonesia’s second-largest export destination and third-largest import source.
Boosting supply chain diversification
The pandemic has exposed the vulnerabilities of global supply chains that rely extensively on one or two large powers for the supply of certain products.
At the peak of the Covid-19 outbreak in February, garment supply chains in multiple ASEAN countries were severely disrupted when raw materials remained stuck in China, which was then placed under a months-long lockdown.
Many exporters learned from that lesson and have been accelerating efforts to diversify their supply chains as part of a “de-risking” strategy. FTAs have the potential to greatly aid companies’ efforts in this regard as they seek to put diversification plans into action.
That is already likely to be the case with the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), a major trade agreement between Indonesia and Australia that came into effect in July 2020. In the works since 2005, it eliminates tariffs from 94 percent of the product lines traded between the two countries.
For Indonesian businesses that source their raw materials or intermediate goods from Australia, the trade deal is also expected to lower costs. According to analysts, Jakarta is expecting to receive an immediate boost in the export of a wide range of products to Australia, including textiles, automotive products, electronics, fishery products, and communication tools.
Companies looking to diversify and shift manufacturing operations away from China also have a viable, low-cost alternative in Indonesia, where DHL Global Forwarding offers a wide range of flexible multimodal transportation options as part of its global logistics network.
In 2019, the company launched DHL ASIACONNECT+, a new small-freight multimodal logistics service which, according to Yong, connects the Indonesian archipelago to key ASEAN trading markets via its road freight network.
A brighter future
Working to speed up FTA ratification makes sound economic sense as Indonesia seeks to shore up economic recovery efforts, even as it addresses the pandemic at home.
However, FTAs are notoriously slow-moving affairs. The IA-CEPA, for example, was signed into law 15 years after negotiations first began. Some analysts have also raised questions about whether Indonesian businesses — particularly small- and medium-sized ones — are fully utilizing FTAs to boost their exports.
As economist Bhima Yudhistira of the Jakarta-based Institute for Development of Economics and Finance has suggested, the lack of information about what is on offer could be a cause. “Has the information been disseminated well? Do small and medium businesses get a chance to export [their products]?” he told the Jakarta Post.] => 無法想像我們實施全面封城後，經濟成長率衰退了17%。」，印尼總統Joko “Jokowi” Widodo在7月州長會議時表示。
儘管前景黯淡，印尼領導人認為國家非常幸運，經濟衰退程度尚未加倍惡化，但新冠疫情的確已重創東南亞最大經濟體，急需新的成長引擎。
2020年5月出口較上年同期衰退28.95%，達到105.3億美元（89億歐元），是2016年7月以來的最低水準。經濟衰退的主要原因是因為煤礦、咖啡、棕櫚油及石油與天然氣的貨運減少。2020年6月，印尼央行（Bank Indonesia）調降該年成長預估至0.9-1.9%，低於先前預估的2.3%。
在疫情帶來的經濟挑戰下，自由貿易協定（FTA）可否提供印尼出口商恢復元氣的辦法？畢竟FTA為地方企業提供許多好處，包括：跨足新市場、關稅優惠及更快與更簡單的通關能力。聚焦海外市場機會的同時，FTA也能促進供應鏈的多元化。
以下檢視幾項印尼最重要的FTA，評估這些FTA如何在後疫情世界協助經濟復甦。
印尼努力加速FTA的正式簽署，創造穩健經濟願景，即使在家對抗疫情，也能支撐經濟復甦工作。
在印尼追求經濟復甦而努力的同時，努力加快FTA的批准速度，即使是在國內解決新冠疫情的問題，也是合乎經濟效益。
不過，眾所周知FTA推動進度向來十分緩慢。以IA-CEPA為例，在初次展開談判後15年才正式簽署立法。部分分析師也質疑，印尼企業—尤其是中小型企業—是否能充分利用FTA刺激出口。
位在雅加達的經濟與金融發展研究所（Institute for Development of Economics and Finance）經濟學家Bhima Yudhistira指出，缺乏有關提議內容的資訊，可能是進度緩慢的原因之一。「資訊是否適當傳達？中小型企業是否獲得出口產品的機會？」他接受《雅加達郵報》訪問時說。
[wysiwyg] => wysiwyg
[outbound_box] => outbound_box
[“I can’t imagine if we had imposed a full lockdown, maybe [economic growth] could have reached minus 17 [percent],” said Indonesian President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo during a meeting with governors in July.
Despite the dire economic outlook, the Indonesian leader counts the country “very lucky” for not experiencing a double-digit contraction. But the economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic has hit Southeast Asia’s largest economy hard, and it urgently needs new growth engines.
Exports fell 28.95 percent year-on-year to US$10.53 billion (€8.9 billion) in May 2020, the lowest levels since July 2016. The drop is largely due to reduced shipments of coal, coffee, and palm oil, as well as oil and gas. In June 2020, Bank Indonesia lowered its growth forecast for the year to 0.9–1.9 percent, lower than the previous 2.3 percent projection.
Against the economic challenges posed by the pandemic, could free trade agreements (FTAs) offer Indonesia’s exporters a way to bounce back? After all, utilizing FTAs offers local companies a compelling list of benefits, including access to new markets, tariff concessions, and the ability to clear goods more quickly and easily. With their focus on opportunities in overseas markets, FTAs can also promote supply chain diversification.
Below, Logistics of Things examines some of the most significant FTAs that Indonesia is currently pursuing and consider how these might help spur economic recovery in a post-Covid-19 world.
Opening up new trade opportunities
Since 2012, Indonesia has been involved in the talks concerning mega trade deal, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), along with the nine other ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) governments and their six FTA partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea.
Once this ambitious pact comes into effect, it will create the world’s largest free-trade zone and have a significant impact on the post-pandemic economic recovery of the entire bloc.
Indonesian President Joko Widodo (third from right) with other world leaders at the 14th East Asia Summit in Bangkok, Thailand
The RCEP would minimize structural barriers by streamlining rules and procedures related to customs and trade-related infrastructure. In practical terms, Indonesian businesses would follow one set of procedures instead of navigating through different sets of rules when trading with their RCEP partners.
This would inevitably lead to greater ease of doing business and increase Indonesia’s attractiveness as a trade and investment destination.
“Amid the slowing global economy, Indonesia’s exporters need to leverage the favorable conditions presented by the existing or up-and-coming FTAs like the RCEP. These agreements open up new opportunities to explore new markets, to lower costs through eligible tariff concessions, and to strengthen their supply chains by diversification,” said Vincent Yong, President Director of DHL Global Forwarding Indonesia.
Jakarta is also working to conclude a major trade pact with the European Union (EU). The Indonesia-EU Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement is significant because the EU is the third-largest destination for Indonesian exports, with key exports including agricultural products, machinery and appliances, textiles and footwear, and plastic and rubber products.
Joko Widodo (in yellow vest) at a site visit in Indonesia
The EU mostly exports industrial products, including machinery and appliances, transport equipment, and chemical products to Indonesia. The trade negotiation has faced a challenge over palm oil following a decision by the EU to phase out the use of biofuel and biodiesel manufactured from palm by 2030.
The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, has categorized palm oil as an unsustainable product. The plan has unsettled Indonesia, the world’s largest palm oil-producing country.
Talks are continuing, however, with the latest round — described by the EU as ‘open and constructive’ — taking place by videoconference in June 2020.
Other new FTA negotiations are underway with India and Korea, among many others. At the same time, the government is seeking to renegotiate a major deal with Japan to further boost bilateral trade.
Through the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement renegotiations, Indonesia hopes to expand access to the Japanese market for some fresh and chilled fishery products, including salmon and trout, among others. Currently, these are excluded from tariff reduction commitments, alongside some canned tuna products. Japan is Indonesia’s second-largest export destination and third-largest import source.
Boosting supply chain diversification
The pandemic has exposed the vulnerabilities of global supply chains that rely extensively on one or two large powers for the supply of certain products.
At the peak of the Covid-19 outbreak in February, garment supply chains in multiple ASEAN countries were severely disrupted when raw materials remained stuck in China, which was then placed under a months-long lockdown.
Many exporters learned from that lesson and have been accelerating efforts to diversify their supply chains as part of a “de-risking” strategy. FTAs have the potential to greatly aid companies’ efforts in this regard as they seek to put diversification plans into action.
Indonesia has struggled to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic due to its limited testing capability.
That is already likely to be the case with the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), a major trade agreement between Indonesia and Australia that came into effect in July 2020. In the works since 2005, it eliminates tariffs from 94 percent of the product lines traded between the two countries.
For Indonesian businesses that source their raw materials or intermediate goods from Australia, the trade deal is also expected to lower costs. According to analysts, Jakarta is expecting to receive an immediate boost in the export of a wide range of products to Australia, including textiles, automotive products, electronics, fishery products, and communication tools.
Companies looking to diversify and shift manufacturing operations away from China also have a viable, low-cost alternative in Indonesia, where DHL Global Forwarding offers a wide range of flexible multimodal transportation options as part of its global logistics network.
In 2019, the company launched DHL ASIACONNECT+, a new small-freight multimodal logistics service which, according to Yong, connects the Indonesian archipelago to key ASEAN trading markets via its road freight network.
A brighter future
Working to speed up FTA ratification makes sound economic sense as Indonesia seeks to shore up economic recovery efforts, even as it addresses the pandemic at home.
However, FTAs are notoriously slow-moving affairs. The IA-CEPA, for example, was signed into law 15 years after negotiations first began. Some analysts have also raised questions about whether Indonesian businesses — particularly small- and medium-sized ones — are fully utilizing FTAs to boost their exports.
As economist Bhima Yudhistira of the Jakarta-based Institute for Development of Economics and Finance has suggested, the lack of information about what is on offer could be a cause. “Has the information been disseminated well? Do small and medium businesses get a chance to export [their products]?” he told the Jakarta Post.
RELATED ARTICLESFrom Indonesia to the region: A new multimodal service to help local firms growA new service rolled out by DHL connects Indonesia to its road freight network and links it with the rest of the region.Other commentators have pointed out that reducing non-trade barriers, including a relatively complex regulatory environment, would also make it easier for exporters in other countries to establish business relationships in Indonesia.
Despite these challenges, it seems clear that the trade benefits Indonesia can obtain from FTAs will continue to grow as more of these agreements are implemented in the future.
“For development purposes, Indonesia needs to push for the decisive conclusion of free trade negotiations it is involved in, while being clear about their geopolitical outlook,” Rocky Intan, a researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, told The Diplomat recently.
Doing so will enable Jakarta to maintain a strong voice and an advantageous position in multilateral trade governance.
Another version of this article was first published on The Jakarta Post.] =>
位在雅加達的經濟與金融發展研究所（Institute for Development of Economics and Finance）經濟學家Bhima Yudhistira指出，缺乏有關提議內容的資訊，可能是進度緩慢的原因之一。「資訊是否適當傳達？中小型企業是否獲得出口產品的機會？」他接受《雅加達郵報》訪問時說。
「從發展目的來看，印尼需要推力，在參與的自由貿易談判達成決定性的結論；並且對地緣政治有明確的展望」，雅加達策略與國際研究中心（Center for Strategic and International Studies）研究學者Rocky Intan最近接受《外交家》雜誌訪問說。
以上行動將使雅加達在多層貿易監督下，維持宏亮的聲音及有利位置。
本文的另一個版本首次發表在雅加達郵報上。
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)
[$value] => Other commentators have pointed out that reducing non-trade barriers, including a relatively complex regulatory environment, would also make it easier for exporters in other countries to establish business relationships in Indonesia.
Despite these challenges, it seems clear that the trade benefits Indonesia can obtain from FTAs will continue to grow as more of these agreements are implemented in the future.
“For development purposes, Indonesia needs to push for the decisive conclusion of free trade negotiations it is involved in, while being clear about their geopolitical outlook,” Rocky Intan, a researcher at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, told The Diplomat recently.
Doing so will enable Jakarta to maintain a strong voice and an advantageous position in multilateral trade governance.
Another version of this article was first published on The Jakarta Post.
)
{%CAPTION%}[/caption]
RCEP讓海關及貿易相關基礎建設的相關規則與程序更平順，使減少結構性的障礙。實際上，印尼企業與RCEP夥伴進行貿易往來時，會變成遵守同一套程序，而不再是各種不同的規範，讓貿易往來變得更容易，並提升印尼成為貿易與投資目的地的吸引力。
「在全球經濟趨緩的背景下，印尼出口商必須善用現有或未來FTA（像是RCEP）的有利條件。這些協定開啟探索新市場的機會；透過符合資格的關稅優惠以降低成本；以及藉由多元化加強供應鏈。」DHL Global Forwarding 印尼總裁Vincent Young表示。
Joko Widodo（身穿黃色背心）在印度尼西亞實地考察[/caption]
歐盟主要出口工業產品到印尼，包括：機械與設備、運輸設備及化學品。有關棕櫚油的貿易協商已經面臨挑戰，因為歐盟決定在2030年前，分階段淘汰棕櫚製生物燃料與生物柴油的使用。
歐盟執行管理單位歐盟執委會（European Commission）已經將棕櫚油分類為非永續產品。此計劃讓印尼感到不安，因為印尼是世界最大的棕櫚油生產國。
不過，談判仍在持續中，最新一輪（歐盟描述為「公開與具建設性的一輪」）在2020年6月採視訊會議方式舉行。
其他正在進行中的FTA談判，包括印度與南韓。與此同時，政府正在尋求與日本進行重大協定談判，希望能進一步促進雙邊貿易。
日本是印尼的第二大出口國及第三大進口國，透過印尼-日本經濟夥伴協定（Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement）的重新談判，印尼希望拓展日本的新鮮與冷凍漁業產品市場，包括：鮭魚與鱒魚等。現階段，連同部分鮪魚罐頭產品，這些產品都排除在關稅減免承諾範圍之外。
繁體中文（台灣）